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Battle of Grunwald is one of the biggest battles fought during the medieval times during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic war. The battle was fought between Poland and Lithuania (connected by a personal union, ruled by Wladyslaw Jogaila) against The Teutonic Order.
In 1407, Ulrich von Jungingen, the anti-Polish policy supporter became the Teutonic Grand Master. Later, in 1409, the Lithuanians started an uprising in Samogitia, which was controlled by the Teutonic Order back then. Both Poland and Lithuania officially declared their support fot the rebels' cause. In the same year, the Order declared war both on Poland and Lithuania. They were hoping to destroy their enemies one by one, starting with Poland, whom they attacked by suprise. They managed to get to Bydgoszcz (Bromberg), which was taken back by Poles though. In the meantime, Samogitians rebels attacked Memel.
Neither side was ready for a war, so it ended with a truce on 8 October 1409, which was meant to expire on 24 June 1410. Both sides decided to use that time for war preparations. The Teutonic Orders donated 300.000 ducats to the Hungarian ruler, who attempted to break the Polish-Lithuanian alliance (he failed).
Same day the truce expired, the Polish-Lithuanian forces started war again. The Teutonic Knights expected their enemies' armies to attack divided two castles at the same time, and were ready for such thing, but the Polish king Jogaila and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytatuas decided to merge their forces and create one, massive army. They started pushing the order deeper and deeper inside their country. After some loses, Ulrich von Jungingen swore to defeat his enemies in a battle.
The battle of Grunwald took place on 15 July 1410. Polish-Lithuanian forces consisted of from 16.500 to 39.000 men, while estimated Teutonic forces' numbers were from 11.000 to 27.000 men. Polish forces were the huge mix of nationalities and religions- Polish-Lithuanian Catholics fought side to side with pagan Samogitians, Orthodox Ruthenians and Muslim Tatars. Teutonic Knights were mainly from German states.
The day that the battle took place on was really hot and sunny. Wladyslaw Jogaila hid his forces in the forest, while the Teutonic Knights were forced to stay on a fully uncovered area- so they were already tired when joining the battle. The Teutonic envoy gave Jogaila 2 swords, hoping to provoke them to attack, but the Polish king reacted calmly.
Finally, after some time, the battle begun. Lithuanians forces attacked first, but they retreated after an hour of battling- historians are still not sure if their retreat was caused by heavy casualties, or was it a part of some tactics. After their retreat, Polish warriors joined the battle. The fighting reached even king Jogaila's camp- he was even close to death by the hand of charging Teutonic knight. When Poles started gaining the upper hand, Lithuanians rejoined the battle. Teutonic Knights' morale totally broke when their Grand Master, Ulrich von Jungingen, died while trying to break Lithuanian lines. They retreated to their camp and attemped to defend there, but they finally lost.
The battle of Grunwald was a disaster for Teutonic Order- 8.000 Teutonic Knights were dead, while another 14.000 were taken captaive. After the battle Poland attempted to conquer the Teutonic capital, Marienburg, but they failed.
The battle resulted in the Teutonic Order losing their superior position and advantage over Poland, and also ended their dangerous alliance with Hungary. They also had to pay Poland war reparations. The war finally ended inThorn on 1 February 1411 with a peace treaty.
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