Article
Before we begin: You need to know that none of uprisings I will write about had a chance of success. Polish soldiers were worse trained and equipped than their enemies. They were also facing superior numbers. The Romanticism Movement affected them, showing an ideal of soldier: fighting a fight impossible to win and dying for his homeland.
To get to the first uprising, we must go back in time to 1794, or even earlier. Already in 1793, Ignacy Potocki, Hugo Kołłątaj (good luck reading it) and Tadeusz Kosciuszko formed a conspiration against Russia and Prussia. In the same year, Kosciuszko was sent to France to ask for support. He recieved none, and he accidentaly told the plans of the uprising to a French general who sent them to Austria, which informed Russia and Prussia. A big fail, isn't it?
On 24 March 1794, on Kraków market Kosciuszko became the uprising's Commander in Chief, he also swore:
not to use these powers to oppress any person, but to defend the integrity of the borders of Poland, regain the independence of the nation, and to strengthen universal liberties
Forces he gathered were very weak: about 800 men. To strengthen them, he issued act of mobilization. He demanded that every 5 houses in Lesser Poland (Malopolska) delegate at least one man armed with carbine (French rifle), pike or axe. He also recruited every man able to fight in the age of 18-28 in Kraków. Because of lack of equipment, the revolutionaries formed scythemen- peasant infantry equipped with long scythes.
To destroy the still weak enemy, Russia sent Major General Fiodor Denisov to attack Kraków. On 4 April 1794, both armies met near the Raclawice village. After a long, bloody battle Polish forces managed to defeat the superior enemy, but, beacuse of their loses, they couldn't chase them. The battle wasn't strategicly important, but worked great on Polish morale- Kosciuszko's ranks grew really quickly, accepting the volunteers from every part of Poland.
On 17 April 1794, Jan Kilinski led an offensive against Russian garrison in Warsaw. Killing from 2000 to 4000 of 5000 Russians, he forced them to leave the city. On 23 April 1794 Jakub Jasinski started a similar uprising in Vilnus. Other towns soon followed.
Despite these victories, Polish situation haven't improved- they still were forced to face a more powerful enemy. On 10 May 16.500 Prussian soldiers joined forces with 7000 Russian forces into a single force. On 6 June Kosciuszko lost the battle of Szczekociny against the Prussian-Russian forces, and 2 days later Jozef Zajaczek was defeated in Chelm. Kraków fell unopposed on 15 June, and Warsaw on 13 July. An uprising forced the enemies' army to leave Warsaw on 20 August
Lithuanian uprising fell on 12 August, when Russian forces captured Vilnus, though Poles were still fighting. A Polish force under command of general Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz on 2 October and entered Pomerania nearly unopposed. They didn't stay there for long- soon they retreated to Central Poland.
During the battle of Maciejowice (10 October), Kosciuszko got wounded and was captured by Russians, then sent to Saint Petersburg.
Tomasz Wawrzecki became the new commander, but he didn't hold any real power, while generaj Zajaczek did. On 4 November, during the battle of Praga (district of Warsaw, not city) Zajaczek fled, wounded.
On 16 November, near Radoszyce, Wawrzecki surrendered, ending the uprising. We all know well what happened in the next year...
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