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English version
Today let’s exploring the French antiquity with the city of Marseille. Founded in 600 B.C by the Phocaens.
According to the legend, Protis, or Euxenes, a native of Phocae, while exploring for a new trading outpost or emporion to make his fortune, discovered the Mediterranean cove of the Lacydon, fed by a freshwater stream and protected by two rocky promontories. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage. At the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice. Following their marriage, they moved to the hill just to the north of the Lacydon; and from this settlement grew Massalia
A second wave of colonists arrived in about 546 B.C, when Phocaea was destroyed by the Persians. This second wave helped a lot the city to have a strong economy and to become a powerful city for three centuries. This power bring conflict with Carthage and the Etruscan League, but Massalia managed to stay independent from both of them.
The city was governed as an aristocratic republic, with an assembly formed by the 600 wealthiest citizens, and 15 “First” (chosen by the assembly) who formed the executive power. The “Protiades” family is one of the most influent of the city and always managed to be part of the 15 “First”.
Massalia always have good relationship with Rome. They became ally in 389 B.C.
During Julius Caesar's war against Pompey and most of the Senate, Massalia allied itself with the exiled government; closing its gates to Caesar on his way to Spain in April of 49 BC, the city was besieged. Despite reinforcement by troop of Pompey, Massalia's fleet was defeated and the city fell by September. It maintained nominal autonomy but lost its trading empire and was largely brought under Roman dominion.
French version
Aujourd'hui explorons le passé de la France en nous plongeant dans le monde grecque avec la belle cité phocéenne : Marseille. A l'époque, cette belle cité s'appelait Massalia. Elle a été fondée par les grecque venue de Phocée vers 600 avant J-C.
Justin historien romain nous raconte le mythe de la fondation de Massalia entre les grecs et la tribus gauloise Ségobriges :
« Les commandants de la flotte furent Simos et Protis. Ils vont ainsi trouver le roi des Ségobriges, appelé Nannos, sur les territoires duquel ils projetaient de fonder une ville. Il se trouva que ce jour-là le roi était occupé aux préparatifs des noces de sa fille Gyptis, qu'il se préparait à donner en mariage à un gendre choisi pendant le banquet, selon la coutume nationale. Et ainsi, alors que tous les prétendants avaient été invités aux noces, les hôtes grecs sont aussi conviés au festin. Ensuite, alors que la jeune fille, à son arrivée, était priée par son père d'offrir de l'eau à celui qu'elle choisissait pour époux, elle se tourna vers les Grecs sans tenir compte de tous les prétendants et offrit de l'eau à Protis qui, d'hôte devenu gendre, reçut de son beau-père un emplacement pour fonder la ville.»
— Justin, Abrégé des Histoires Philippiques, Livre XLIII.
Un demi-siècle après la fondation, fuyant les invasions de l'Asie mineure par les Perses conduits par Cyrus II en 546 av. J.-C, de nombreux Phocéens rejoignent leurs colonies dont Massalia. Cette nouvelle vague d’arrivant permet à Massalia de devenir une puissance économique et commerciale majeure de la méditerranée du VIe au IVe siècle avant J.C. Cette puissance sera source de convoitise et de conflit avec les Carthaginois et la Ligue Etrusque. La force de Massalia reposait à l’époque sur un commerce florissant avec Rome et les cités grecs de l’Attique, et sur un commerce développé avec les tribus gaulois alentours, les lignes commerciales remontant le Rhône.
La ville est gouvernée par un directoire de 15 « premiers » choisis parmi une boulè de 600 sénateurs. Trois d’entre eux ont la prééminence et l’essentiel du pouvoir exécutif. Les Protiades, descendant des premiers fondateurs, possède une influence très importante dans les institutions et la politique marseillaise.
Massalia eu des relations très courtoise avec Rome. Une alliance fut officiellement conclue entre les deux cités en -389.
Après trois siècles d’amitié, la guerre civile romaine entre pompé et césar va mettre fin à l’indépendance de la cité grecque. En effet bien que se déclarant neutre, en -49, les massaliotes accueillent les légions de pompées. César assiégea la ville pendant 2 mois et finit par vaincre les grecs. Malgré la victoire Massalia ne reçut qu’une punition modérée. Bien que formellement soumis au préfet de la région narbonnaise, la cité grecque garda son autonomie et ses particularités gouvernementale.
PS : Si vous avez des idées de sujets à traiter dites le moi en commentaire ça m'aiderai beaucoup
Hey if you have any idea tell me on the comment section bellow, it will help me a lot.
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