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Aunque en Argentina le digamos "viola" a las guitarras el término actualmente se usa para designar a un instrumento de cuerda frotada que, en el rango de tesitura¹, se encuentra entre el violín y el violonchelo.
Violín, el más pequeño, junto a viola.
Que este término se utilice para un solo instrumento, como en la actualidad, es una deformación del lenguaje parecida a la argentina para denominar a la guitarra. Durante la edad media, el renacimiento y gran parte del barroco² se denominaba viola a todo instrumento de cuerda frotada. Se diferenciaban por el lugar de apoyo de cada uno (viola de brazo, viola de hombro, viola de espalda, viola de gamba) o por algún adjetivo descriptivo (viola de amor, viola pomposa, viola bastarda).
¹Tesitura es el segmento de notas musicales alcanzadas por un instrumento, el equivalente en la voz es registro.
Tesitura de una gaita, de la nota más baja a la más aguda.
A lo importante, esta belleza de instrumento.
Una negra jugando a ser europea con una viola de gamba moderna.
Este instrumento es el atecesor del violonchelo o cello, como el lector prefiera. El origen de las violas recae en los instrumentos conocidos como rabeles, muy populares en la edad media. Es complejo el "cómo" se originó un instrumento y "por qué". Menos teniendo en cuenta como es un rabel. Pero me imagino algo asi.
-Che, luthier del pueblo, necesito algo como un rabel pero que suene más grave.
+Hmm, más grave, si, si.
-Y que tenga trastes hechos con las cuerdas.
+Me gusta la idea.
-Que en vez de dos o tres cuerdas tenga de 7 a 10.
+... Bueno.
-Efes, que tenga efes, y un agujero en el medio que tenga forma de copo de nieve.
+¿Cómo es un copo de nieve?
-No importa, vos haceme caso.
Rabel de la edad media.
La cosa es que esta belleza de instrumento vio la luz cerca del 1500. Se disputan la autoría Italia y España. Pasó a ser un instrumento principal en los conjuntos, cameratas y orquestas, ya que tenía una tesitura muy amplia, podía ejecutar bajos a la vez que melodías agudas.
Un patricio europeo re cheto sacándose una foto (AKA retrato) con una viola de gamba. Notese la forma mierda en la que se agarra el arco.
Este instrumento vio su fin con la caída de la monarquia francesa, los instrumentos de la familia de las violas estaban muy asociadas a la música renacentista francesa, y ésta muy asociada al poderío del Antiguo Régimen. Ante la caída del mismo los instrumentos de la familia cayeron en desuso (más que "caer en desuso" fueron victimas de un ostracismo imberbe) y fueron reemplazados por sus contrapartes, también de orígen presuntamente latino, los que actualmente vemos en la sección de cuerdas en las orquestas (violín, viola, cello y contrabajo).
De hecho, las similitudes en técnicas entre el cello y la viola de gamba se mantuvieron hasta el inicio del romanticismo. Lo del ostracismo es cierto pero no completo, el violonchelo presentaba mejor sonoridad y maniobrabilidad. Si me preguntan, a pesar de tocar el cello prefiero la viola de gamba. El romanticisimo fue el período que dio a luz al cello que hoy conocemos, donde las similitudes con la viola de gamba desaparecieron, pero eso es para otro artículo.
Cellista barroco vestido de puto
Violistas
[center]OBRAS PARA AMBOS INSTRUMENTOS.
Obra tocada con violonchelo barroco (Suite N°5 - Johann Sebastian Bach)
Obra para viola de gamba de Karl Abel, el cheto del cuadro de más arriba, Alegro. [/center]
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In the late middle ages viola was a way to call almost every rubbed string instrument born from the rabel. Today we call viola to that instrument that is, in range and size, between violin and cello
violin, smaller. Viola, bigger. (You never know what kind of retarded questions will find the commet box.
So, if all the rubbed strings instruments, or almost everyone of them are called viola, how the fuck are we suppose to distinguish one from another? By the place in your body where they are hold: viola da braccio (italian for arm), viola da spalla (for shoulder or back, there is no english translation for the second one), viola da gamba (italian for leg) or by an adjective: viola de amore (italian for love), viola pomposa (italian for pompous), viola bastarda (itaian for bastard and something that is either one thing or another)
Let´s jump to the thing.
Woman using a moder viola da gamba.
This instrument is the predecessor of the modern cello. We found the birth of this viola in the rabel, a middle age shitty rubbed string insttument, they were very popular, I think was that way cause the have nothing fucking else (Seriusly, just listen a rabel). I can´t understand the merely origin, the "why" and "how" of a rabel turning a majestic viola da gamba. I figured out this:
-Hey, luthier friend, can you build a rabel but lower?
+Lower? Sure.
-And it should be fretted, fretted by old broken strings
+I like that, bitch
-And I must have almost 10 strings, 2 is too middle ages.
+... mmmkay
-And put f´s on the body, and a little snow flake form hole on the middle.
+How is a snow flake anyway? It´s the 1500!
-Doesn´t matter, fix that thing to me.
Medieval Rabel.
Circa1500 the beauty of the viola was given birth. The origin of the instrument is contested by Spain and Italy. It became, alongside the entire viola family, a principal instrument on camerattas and orchestras
Frank Abel with a viola da gamba. Pay attention to the shitty way of holding the bow, arthritis for sure.
Finally the instrument was taken out. It was strongly associated by people with the Ancien Régime, the Louis XVI monarchy. When this monatchy saw its fall by the hand of the revolution the viola family saw it as well. Viola family was replaced with the rubbed string instrument that we see today at the orchestra (violin, viola, cello and double bass). But the death of the viola de gamba was not in vain, it gave life to the today known cello.
Indeed the similarities between the two were sustained until the begining of romanticism. Was not only the french revolution and the association between the violas and the monarchy what take them out, cello sounds brighter and louder. I preffer the viola da gamba, nevertheless I play cello.
Baroque cellist
Violists
Music for viola da gamba de Karl Abel - Alegro.
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